Bridge expansion joints †performance and materials

Scaffold extension joints †execution and materials 1.1 Introduction Extension joints are utilized in scaffolds to permit developments like development and compression between the scaffold deck ranges and projections. These developments are caused because of temperature, soil settlements, vehicle quickening and different reasons (Klaiber, et al., 1987 and Dagher, et al., 1993 as refered to in Thippeswamy, 2002). Extension joints are exposed to extreme stacking because of the immediate effect of the wheels. They are a significant part of an extension structure and if painstakingly planned, appropriately introduced and sensibly kept up will give a difficulty free execution for a long time. In spite of the fact that joints are made of different materials like elastic, silicone and polymer they crumble since they are continually presented to affect, vibration of traffic and common components like water, dust, bright beams and ozone (Chang Lee 2002). The solidness of extension joints is a significant worry to connect proprietors. The support cost of joints is moderately high than the underlying cost .This prompted the plan of jointless scaffolds. Jointless extensions don't create worry because of consumption of joints, amassing of garbage and differential rise of joints (Thippeswamy, 2002). The conduct of the jointless extensions not known and the plans being muddled are not actualized regardless of their focal points. This writing audit manages: attributes of a decent extension joint that must be noted while plan a joint, absconds saw in development joints, overview considers led on existing joints to examine their conduct and a few fabricates of scaffold development joints in the business. Studies on improving the presentation of extension joints is directed, research on decreasing the expense of support of the joints ought to be led. 1.2 Characteristics of a decent development joint A scaffold extension joint for appropriate working must be able to: suit developments vertical and level way; withstand applied burdens; oppose slide and erosion; work quietly with less support (Lee, 1994). Cost (1984) proposes that the presentation of a joint is affected by auxiliary developments of the joint even and vertical way, traffic stacking, materials utilized, state of the substrate, climate and temperature during joint establishment, workmanship and execution of direction. 1.3 Commonly watched joint deformities Guzaltan (1993) as refered to in (Chang Lee 2002) concentrated some usually watched deserts in extension joints. They incorporate harmed seals, aggregation of garbage in the joint segments, rusting of metal plates and nuts, opening of solid, consumption of steel support, water spillage, ill-advised joint arrangement and joint vibration during vehicle section. Fincher (1983) as refered to in (Chang Lee 2002) presents the consequences of a review directed by Federal Highway Administration during a multi year assessment period which showed that 60% of the extension joints inspected spilled. Furthermore, Wallbank (1989) as refered to in (Lee, 1994) clarifies that in a study directed on 200 extensions by The London Department of Transport, the decay of the development joints was caused due to spilling and broken seepage subtleties. Chang and Lee (2002) directed an investigation to watch the presentation of joints in Indiana and found that a few joints flopped because of splits in the seal and recommended testing it before establishment. Shortcoming tree demonstrating was utilized for subjective clarification of extension component communication yet could be utilized uniquely for calamitous disappointments (Attoh-Okine Bowers 2006). These models are not relevant to spans since they bomb over an all-inclusive timeframe. Shortcoming tree models were likewise arranged by LeBeau and Wadia-Fascetti (2000) and Sianipar and Adams (1997) as refered to in (Attoh-Okine Bowers 2006). Another decay demonstrating dependent on conviction arranges that viably catch and delineate the various leveled, connection and vulnerability factors present in connect weakening was created by Attoh-Okine and Bowers (2006). Conviction systems are likewise called Bayesian conviction arranges and depend on Bayes hypothesis. The conviction arrange approach is more fitting than issue tree examination since it tends to be utilized to explore the parts of a scaffold including deck material, braces, hea ding and projections affect disintegration. 1.4 Studies directed on the exhibition of existing extension joints Chang and Lee (2002) directed an examination to watch the presentation of the various joints utilized in the thruway connects in Indiana. Five prevalently utilized joints were: pressure seal (B.S), strip seal (S.S), vital projection (I.A), poured silicone (X.J.S) and polymer altered black-top (P.M.A). The information was acquired from poll overview, examination of Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) roadway the executives information and master interviews. Poll study was directed by offering surveys to the state connect reviewers and designers around Indiana. The issues with joints were experienced and potential upgrades were proposed. The investigation of chronicled information utilizing calculated relapse approach found that S.S joint had the best execution. The master interviews consider I.A joint to offer great outcomes and recommend improvement of B.S and S.S joints. An examination crusade was led on 150 development joints of 71 street connects in Brisa, Portugal where the upkeep cost arrived at a pinnacle of 25% (Lima Brito 2009). The joints introduced inside the traffic path of the extension were thought of. The development joints were portrayed dependent on their sort, and age of the extension. It was recorded that the joints utilized all the more often included fortified elastomeric pad joints, elastomeric adaptable strips, and asphaltic attachment joints. The information acquired from the review crusade was factually dissected. The outcomes demonstrated that joints that were supplanted generally as often as possible were elastomeric joints and that various joints have explicit upkeep needs. The progress strip and the safe haven pits of the development joint are the parts that require more upkeep. It was additionally seen that the blunders during establishment and absence of upkeep caused pathology of the joint. The aftereffects of crusade led show that there was a ton of progress in the business development joints and proposes examination on the new or improved frameworks and materials. It additionally recommended that basic frameworks with less parts are increasingly solid and require less support. Black-top extension development joints when utilized in chilly nations split inside the initial two years. To improve the presentation the business MEIJIA black-top cover was altered with polymers: thermoplastic elastic and elastic (Yu, et al., 2009). The polymers were utilized in different mixes, and their exhibition at low temperatures is assessed by leading tests including: malleability, infiltration, backhanded pressure and bowing tests. The information from flexibility and entrance tests performed on fasteners demonstrated that the quality and distortion limit at low temperatures improved. Four extension joints made with the altered black-top blends were introduced on two scaffolds in a cool district and found that the joints indicated great execution. 1.5 Assessment of extension joint execution utilizing observed information An investigation was led by to build up a methodology for check of the plan and assessing the state of extension joint by observing joint dislodging and scaffold temperature on a long haul (Ni, et al., 2002). This technique was applied to Ting Kau, link stayed connect in Hong Kong. The administration life and substitution of joint relies upon the total dislodging. An exact expectation of the combined dislodging will give the time stretch to joint examination or joint substitution. Checking the warm developments at the extension joints and contrasting them and the structure esteems give confirmation on plan. The entire framework had in excess of 230 sensors like anemometers, accelerometers, removals transducters to quantify relocations situated at the closures of the deck, temperature sensors, strain measures, weight moving sensors and worldwide situating framework. A decent connection between's the development of the extension joints and successful temperature was watched. The every day normal combined removals of the development joints in the extension are considerably less than configuration esteems. Furthermore observing frameworks had been executed on numerous extensions in various nations by (Andersen Pedersen 1994; Cheung et al. 1997; Barrish et al. 2000; Sumitro et al. 2001; Mufti 2002; Koh et al. 2003; Wong 2004) as refered to in (Ni et al. 2002). 1.6 Effect of SSI and ground movement spatial variety Chouw and Hao (2008(a)) contemplated the impacts of soil-structure association (SSI) and ground movement spatial variety impact on connect beating reactions for spans with a conventional development joint between contiguous supports. The examination was led on two contiguous extension outlines. It was affirmed that structures that are based on firm soils may encounter bigger beating powers than those on delicate soils. It was likewise analyzed that lessening of ground movement connection caused bigger beating reactions. Numerical reproduction was directed by nonlinear unique reaction examination and explored beating alleviation and anticipation of unseating in the expressway connects because of seismic powers (Raheem, 2009). It was seen that seismic beating creates altogether higher extent and brief term quickening beats than regularly expected structure greatness. This outcomes in extreme effect powers that harm basic individuals like the deck or wharf. Also the impacts of SSI and e xtension beating reaction for spans with secluded development joint framework (MEJS) were watched (Chouw Hao 2008(b)). It was presumed that the braces with an enormous hole of a MEJS

Ku Klux Klan :: essays research papers

Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan has been the most sorted out of the numerous diverse White matchless quality gatherings that appeared after the Civil War. The not well presumed Knights of the Klan have been associated with incalculable episodes of human rights infringement against blacks and other minority bunches in America. Particularly in the South, during and after the Reconstruction time frame, the Klan had a significant impact in planning and powerfully utilizing a large number of the Jim Crow laws, that postponed dark man’s genuine opportunity f Stetson Kennedy is a local of Jacksonville, Florida where the Klan was dynamic. Kennedy saw direct the working of the Klan when a servant in his home was taken for a ride by the Klan and severely tormented. Kennedy built up a scorn for the Ku Klux Klan and needed to do everything he could to limit the impact of and put a stop to its loathe mongering. He composed a book â€Å"Palmetto Country† in which he impacted the legend that the Klan was framed to â€Å"save the South† from Reprobates, Carpetbaggers an Also, Kennedy noticed that the couple of things composed about the KKK were articles instead of uncovered. He felt the requirement for not just words however for lawful proof against the Klan’s inside maneuvers. For that reason somebody would need to go under a Klan robe and turn the hooded order’s messy cloth for all the world to see. The creator chose to volunteer for the activity and in this way started his undertakings as a Klan-buster, in the central command of the Klan at the time in Atlanta. The initial scarcely any part Before sufficiently long, Kennedy had enough implicating proof against the Klan. In an activity pressed second in the town hall, Kennedy undressed from under his Klan veil before paralyzed Klansmen who had thought he was one of them. Kennedy affirmed against the awful association, and played a significant job in carrying the Klan to its knees. Through the rest of the book, Kennedy transfers his encounters working against other comparative outfits, similar to the Colombians in Florida, who had Nazi pioneers executing against Negro, hostile to- Catholic and hostile to Semitic conclusions. Because of his challenging showdowns

The Most Difficult Interview Questions (and the Answers)

The Most Difficult Interview Questions (and the Answers) The job interview can sometimes seem more like an interrogation rather than a friendly discussion about your strengths as a candidate.While you have quite a few common and straightforward questions coming your way, there are a few tough ones too.Here’s a list of the ten most difficult interview questions and tips on how to answer them.At the end of the post, you’ll also get to enjoy a few interview tips and tricks to ensure you land that perfect job!TELL US ABOUT YOURSELFWhile the above is not purely a statement, it’s bound to come up in a job interview.In fact, you’ll probably get it right at the start. It’s the hiring managers way of getting to know you and to understand why you are sitting in front of them.The best answerThe best answer is short and story-like. You don’t want to keep blabbering on for minutes â€" five minutes is a good maximum amount of time to spend on this.Construct the answer in a story-like format; go back to your past and highlight when you became interested in the industry you’re applying for.You can then highlight your achievements that relate to the job in question. Always build the answer around the qualities of character needed for the role.“I’m a southern girl who first dabbled in sales at the age of seven when I launched a lemonade stand at the front garden. For the past five years, I’ve been working a sales assistant. I’d describe myself as a person with a versatile skill set, a strong work ethic and willingness to help customers feel satisfied by the end of the interaction. Right now, I’m looking to boost my career progress and that’s why I’ve applied for the role of sales executive. My ambition is really pushing me towards a role where I can help others improve their sales skills and to work directly with customers.”WHY SHOULD WE HIRE YOU?This is another extremely common question and one that’s rather difficult to answer. It’s easy to get this wrong and state something obvious like “I’m qu alified”.You need to show your understanding of the requirements of the role and what the company’s vision and values are about. It’s the hiring manager’s way of testing if you know what they want.The best answerYou definitely want to rely on the elevator pitch answer here. The elevator pitch is a short one to two-minute sales pitch that highlights your personal unique selling point (USP) and your value to the organization.Focus on your strengths as a candidate, especially in terms of what sets you apart from everyone else.Make sure you highlight your passion for the industry but also the company you are interviewing with.“You describe in the job listing that you’re looking for a sales executive with great management skills. In my 10 years of working in the sales industry, I’ve dealt with teams small and big. I’ve developed strong motivational skills and been rewarded with the manager-of-the-year award for my innovative strategies. I can push employees to go the extr a mile and I will bring these strategies here to push the company further if selected for the role.”WHAT IS YOUR BIGGEST WEAKNESS?The interviewer is looking to learn even more about you and to check if you are able to self-reflect.The modern employer doesn’t want people who can’t take criticism or who aren’t willing to develop, not just in terms of hard skills but also soft skills.The question is a way of testing if you can examine your actions and behaviors critically.The best answerYou don’t want to draw too much attention to a big negative trait with your answer. But at the same time, you shouldn’t avoid answering the question.There is nothing more unprofessional than claiming you have no weaknesses.In addition, you definitely want to keep the weakness professional â€" drinking too much is not a quality you want to highlight in a job interview.Pick a quality that’s more of a frustration and which isn’t required for the job. If you are applying to be a baker, then you might pick something like not being very technology-knowledgeable.It’s also clever to point out how you are trying to improve this weakness and ensure it isn’t a problem in your worklife.With the example in mind, you could say you’re now attending an IT course to rectify the situation.“I sometimes have a habit of spending more time than needed on a task that I could easily delegate to someone else. While I’ve never missed a deadline, I’m still making an effort to schedule better and to know which tasks I can assign to others.”WHY ARE YOU LEAVING YOUR CURRENT JOB?Employers want to understand why people move from one job to another because it can help them identify how long they can expect you to stay.It’s not cheap to keep recruiting employees and your answer might reveal a problem in your ability to stay put (along with a patchy resume, for example).The question is to identify your personality, your career objectives and your ambition.This definitely isn’t a qu estion calling for full honesty â€" the real reason might actually make the interviewer think twice.The best answerYour answer should always show your current employer in a good light, even if you are leaving out of something negative.You don’t want to talk bad about your previous employers because it doesn’t look professional and it could make the hiring manager doubt your loyalty and commitment as an employee.A much better way of dealing with the questions is to make the answer focus on your career objectives and ambitions.Saying you needed a fresh challenge or you’re looking to push upwards in the career ladder is a good idea. It shows ambition and it doesn’t reveal any conflict.“I’m looking for bigger challenges in my career at the moment and I feel like I didn’t have them at my workplace. I’ve been looking to change the direction of my career slightly and the current employer just doesn’t have opportunities in those areas.”HOW DO YOU RESPOND TO CRITICISM?The workplace is not a place where things always go smoothly and everyone just has nice things to say about each other.With this question, the interviewer is testing if you understand the place of criticism in the workplace and if you are able to learn from it.It’s not as much about responding to criticism as it is about knowing why people critique others in the first place.The best answerA good answer will acknowledge the importance of criticism. You want to let the hiring manager know you understand it is part of life and highlight your ability to take it as a personal development tool. It shows maturity and professionalism.You should also talk about your coping mechanism in a form of a strategy.Outline your steps after you encounter criticism and emphasize your focus on learning from mistakes and the feedback.“I understand criticism is part of life and I always welcome constructive criticism. I can be rather critical of my own work and therefore, I appreciate when I receive feed back from others. I was recently told to work a draft document for a new client and I felt a little uneasy, as I’m not generally meant to do this as part of my job. Therefore, I sought advice throughout and actually welcomed critique. Although my manager was happy with the work, I also received a lot of advice on how to improve the document. I feel the experience taught me a lot about writing but also about being able to overcome your fear and just try new things.”ARE YOU A TEAM PLAYER?This might sound like a simple question to answer compared to some of the others on the list.But it’s actually not a clear-cut ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question.It tests your knowledge about the role and the kinds of team structures in place in the organization.The interviewer asks it in order to get your views on leadership and to see if you are able to work in a team or to lead on.The best answerYou should give a concrete example of a situation where you showed your ability to be a team player, r ather than say ‘yes’.The example doesn’t necessarily have to be from work â€" it could be something you did as part of your student life, for example.The important thing is to build your answer around an example and align it with the requirements of the role.So, if the job you’re applying for is a team project type of role, give an example of how you’ve handled something similar in the past.On the other hand, if it’s close to an individual role, you want to highlight how you’re able to be your own boss but also step out of this role and help your teammates.“I believe working in a team is both beneficial and challenging. When I was part of the football club, I learned a lot about communication and problem-solving. You wanted to make things work and come up with compromises because it meant the experience was more enjoyable. Of course, it was also challenging because people can have different ways of getting their point across and often your own ways of doing things ar e challenged. But I definitely enjoy both being part of a team and leading one.”WHO HAS BEEN YOUR BEST AND WORST BOSS?This is a tricky question to answer because the interviewer is testing two things.First, they want to know if you understand what makes someone a good or a bad leader.But they also want to know what kind of person you are to work with â€" do you run and badmouth your colleagues as soon as you get the opportunity?The best answerJust like you shouldn’t badmouth a previous employer when asked about your reasons for leaving, you don’t ever want to name names when it comes to your favorite and least favorite bosses.A good answer is not about personalities but more about characters. You don’t need to give an actual example of the boss here.You can just talk about bosses as collective â€" state how the bosses have been showing specific characteristics. There’s a good video below on what makes a leader good: Now, when you are talking about the worst boss, don’t m ention personal reasons.Again, you want to talk about leadership qualities and how perhaps some people have lacked those â€" for example, the bosses have not always been good at communicating the objectives, which you think is important for a good leader.“I can honestly say I’ve learned from every boss I’ve had. My best bosses have been those who’ve allowed me to take more responsibility as I’ve developed in my jobs. I’ve had others with a more hands-on management style but I feel I’ve flourished under the ones who’ve let me have more responsibility.”DO YOU HAVE ANY REGRETS?The interviewer will also want to dig deeper into your past.Again, the question is about self-reflection and your ability to identify past mistakes.This can be a question to learn more about yourself but the interviewer might also be checking if you want to clarify gaps or issues in your resume â€" for example, that you regret travelling around the world even though it taught you a lot of things .The best answerYou have two options in terms of answering the question.You could go down the personal route and talk about how you wished you’d spent more times with your nephews or your gran who could have taught you more about life. You could also keep it non-personal and state things like you wish you’d studied harder in high school so that you didn’t have as much catching up in college.The key is to not just state regret with your answer but to highlight the power of learning from the past.You want to say that even though you might do things differently now, you’ve still learned from the mistake and used it as an opportunity to become a better worker or person.“Although I’m overall happy with my life, the one aspect I likely would have changed would have been focusing on this career path earlier. I’ve really enjoyed working in the field and I wish I had taken more time at university to really focus on my professional development. However, I feel like my passion is pushing me forward and I’ve quickly gained experience.”HOW MUCH DO YOU WANT TO BE PAID?It’s rather likely the interviewer will bring up money and this can be a tricky situation. If you ask too much, you might be excluded from the role and if you ask too little, you might end up with a low salary â€" the employers always remember!Talking about money is never easy but it’s important to prepare for this question.The best answerYou don’t want to throw out a number at this point. The actual salary negotiations should take place later and you might find your answer bite you in the end.It’s important to conduct research prior to giving your answer â€" you want to have an idea of the industry standard for that specific role. Consider using a bracket around industry averages.“Well, according to my research on the industry, the average is between $50k to $80k and I believe my skills and competencies fall along this range. I’m just interested in finding a challenging role that fits my qualifications and I’m confident you can offer a competitive salary.”TOP TIPS FOR ANSWERING TOUGH INTERVIEW QUESTIONSThe above are the most difficult questions you have to answer during your job interview.In order to prepare for them and to other job interview questions, here are three golden rules to keep in mind.Prepare for all sorts of questionsBe prepared for anything. While there are common interview questions most hiring managers ask, each hiring manager, role and company are different. They can have their own interview style and you can get a question you’ve never seen mentioned in any guide â€" so be prepared.Research the company well. Understand what the company is looking for by deciphering the job posting and examining the company website for more information. Know the industry and the key trends shaping it.Understand your own strengths especially in terms of the role. Think about different examples in your life that showcase your suitability for the role.I n order to calm the nerves and to get familiar answering questions, get your friend to interview you. Practicing the interview situation like this can be extremely helpful.Take your timeWhen you do hear the question, don’t rush to your answer. Always take a deep breath before you start and compose the start of your answer before you begin talking.Keep your answer short and sweet and don’t try to talk like a machine gun.Remember to ask for clarification if you need it. You can even ask the interviewer to repeat the question if you want a bit more time to think your answers.Don’t fret a bad answerNow, no matter how much you prepare for the job interview, you never know what might happen. Sometimes your answer just might not come out the way you want and you can feel like you’ve ruined it. Do not panic if this happens.It’s often possible to return to things you’ve said during the interview right at the end of it.The interviewer will often give you an opportunity to ask ques tions or to go over any unclear things â€" you can use this as an opportunity to return to an answer. For example, you could say something like “I just wanted to go back to when you asked me about my weaknesses. I think…”.So, when you’ve given an answer and you feel it wasn’t quite as good as you wanted but the interviewer is moving onwards, just breathe. Calm down and focus on the next question â€" return to the issue later if you feel like it’s still bothering you.Don’t forget you can also get back to things in the follow-up note you should send after the interview. It’s a great opportunity to get back to anything that took place during the interview and for you to rectify the situation.

Economics An Integral Part Of Civilization Of The World

Economics is an integral part of civilization of the world. In any case, economics issues that emerged in the community is practically quite difficult to resolve. Henry Hazlitt in his book Economic in one lesson revealed that economics is overshadowed by fallacies because of two main factors which intensify the problem’s complexity. The first factor is the tendency of people to defend their respective interests. Although some of groups have similar interests with all other groups, yet in fact, they also have competing interests against each other. The second factor causing these fallacies is the tendency of people that will only look at short-term effects of an economic policy or observe it only in a particular group. People are often†¦show more content†¦For only knowing the concept of fallacies in economics, which disclosed by Henry Hazlitt, is not enough to provide a solid understanding, therefore we need to explore the application of this lesson to analyze a real world issue. One example of this lesson is that taxes discourage production, in this essay I will elaborate tax problem in Indonesia, and its effect on short-term and long-term basis to their people. Taxes play an important role in government funding of a country. Even in the majority, taxes are the main financial source of the government spending and believed to be the driving force of economic growth. By following this philosophy, in order to achieve the annual growth target, as a main source of their fund, government will surely increase the tax revenue target every fiscal year. Likewise, Indonesia’s state revenue is mostly depends on tax, not surprisingly in 2015 fiscal year, it takes 67% of the composition (Budget in brief, 2014). Indonesia’s tax revenue target of IDR 1,489.3 trillion (US$1.49 quadrillion) is set by the government in the 2015, which is increased by 39% from the preceding year, and some experts consider that it was too ambitious (RI tax, 2015). It is because, with an insignificant increase of total taxpayer, it has the potential escalation in any applicable tax rate in this country. It seems the government is not aware that amid the volatile conditions of economic today,

Definitions of Defamation, Libel, and Slander

â€Å"Defamation of character† is a legal term referring to any false statement—called a â€Å"defamatory† statement—that harms another person’s reputation or causes them other demonstrable damages such as financial loss or emotional distress. Rather than a criminal offense, defamation is a civil wrong or â€Å"tort.† Victims of defamation can sue the person who made the defamatory statement for damages in civil court. Statements of personal opinion are usually not considered to be defamatory unless they are phrased as being factual. For example, the statement, â€Å"I think Senator Smith takes bribes,† would probably be considered opinion, rather than defamation. However, the statement, â€Å"Senator Smith has taken many bribes,† if proven untrue, could be considered legally defamatory. Libel vs. Slander Civil law recognizes two types of defamation: â€Å"libel† and â€Å"slander.† Libel is defined as a defamatory statement that appears in written form. Slander is defined as a spoken or oral defamatory statement. Many libelous statements appear as articles or comments on websites and blogs, or as comments in publicly-accessible chat rooms and forums. Libelous statements appear less often in letters to the editor sections of printed newspapers and magazines because their editors typically screen out such comments. As spoken statements, slander can happen anywhere. However, to amount to slander, the statement must be made to a third party—someone other than the person being defamed. For example, if Joe tells Bill something false about Mary, Mary could sue Joe for defamation if she could prove that she had suffered actual damages as a result of Joe’s slanderous statement. Because written defamatory statements remain publicly visible longer than spoken statements, most courts, juries, and attorneys consider libel to be more potentially harmful to the victim than slander. As a result, monetary awards and settlements in libel cases tend to be larger than those in slander cases. While the line between opinion and defamation is fine and potentially dangerous, the courts are generally hesitant to punish every off-hand insult or slur made in the heat of an argument. Many such statements, while derogatory, are not necessarily defamatory. Under the law, the elements of defamation must be proven. How Is Defamation Proven? While the laws of defamation vary from state to state, there are commonly applied rules. To be found legally defamatory in court, a statement must be proven to have been all of the following: Published (made public): The statement must have been seen or heard by at least one other person than the person who wrote or said it.False: Unless a statement is false, it cannot be considered harmful. Thus, most statements of personal opinion do not constitute defamation unless they can objectively be proven false. For example, â€Å"This is the worst car I have ever driven,† cannot be proven to be false.Unprivileged: The courts have held that in some circumstances, false statements—even if injurious—are protected or â€Å"privileged,† meaning they cannot be considered legally defamatory. For example, witnesses who lie in court, while they can be prosecuted for the criminal offense of perjury, cannot be sued in civil court for defamation.Damaging or Injurious:   The statement must have resulted in some demonstrable harm to the plaintiff. For example, the statement caused them to be fired, denied a loan, shunned by family or friends, or harassed by the media. Lawyers generally consider showing actual harm to be the hardest part of proving defamation. Merely having the â€Å"potential† to cause harm is not enough. It must be proven that the false statement has ruined the victim’s reputation. Business owners, for example, must prove that the statement has caused them a substantial loss of revenue. Not only can actual damages be hard to prove, victims must wait until the statement has caused them problems before they can seek legal recourse. Merely feeling embarrassed by a false statement is rarely held to prove defamation.  Ã‚   However, the courts will sometimes automatically presume some types of especially devastating false statements to be defamatory. In general, any statement falsely accusing another person of committing a serious crime, if it was made maliciously or recklessly, may be presumed to constitute defamation. Defamation and Freedom of the Press In discussing defamation of character, it is important to remember that the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects both freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Since in America  the governed are assured the right to criticize the people who govern them, public officials are given the least protection from defamation. In the 1964 case of New York Times v. Sullivan, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 9-0 that certain statements, while defamatory, are specifically protected by the First Amendment. The case concerned a full-page, paid advertisement published in The New York Times claiming that the arrest of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. by Montgomery City, Alabama, police on charges of perjury had been part of a campaign by city leaders to destroy Rev. Kings efforts to integrate public facilities and increase the black vote. Montgomery city commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued The Times for libel, claiming that the allegations in the ad against the Montgomery police had defamed him personally. Under Alabama state law, Sullivan was not required to prove he had been harmed, and since it was proven that the ad contained factual errors, Sullivan won a $500,000 judgment in state court. The Times appealed to the Supreme Court, claiming that it had been unaware of the errors in the ad and that the judgment had infring ed on its First Amendment freedoms of speech and the press. In its landmark decision better defining the scope of â€Å"freedom of the press,† the Supreme Court ruled that the publication of certain defamatory statements about the actions of public officials were protected by the First Amendment. The unanimous Court stressed the importance of â€Å"a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open.† The Court further acknowledged that in public discussion about public figures like politicians, mistakes—if â€Å"honestly made†Ã¢â‚¬â€should be protected from defamation claims. Under the Court’s ruling, public officials can sue for defamation only if the false statements about them were made with â€Å"actual intent.† Actual intent means that the person who spoke or published the damaging statement either knew it was false or did not care whether it was true or not. For example, when a newspaper editor doubts the truth of a statement but publishes it without checking the facts. American writers and publishers are also protected from libel judgments issued against them in foreign courts by the SPEECH Act signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010. Officially titled the Securing the Protection of our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act, the SPEECH act makes foreign libel judgments unenforceable in U.S. courts unless the laws of the foreign government provide at least as much protection of the freedom of speech as the U.S. First Amendment. In other words, unless the defendant would have been found guilty of libel  even if the case had been tried in the United States, under U.S. law, the foreign court’s judgment would not be enforced in U.S. courts. Finally, the â€Å"Fair Comment and Criticism† doctrine protects reporters and publishers from charges of defamation arising from articles such as movie and book reviews, and opinion-editorial columns. Key Takeaways: Defamation of Character Defamation refers to any false statement that harms another person’s reputation or causes them other damages such as financial loss or emotional distress.Defamation is a civil wrong, rather than a criminal offense. Victims of defamation can sue for damages in civil court.There are two forms of defamation: â€Å"libel,† a damaging written false statement, and â€Å"slander,† a damaging spoken or oral false statement.   Sources â€Å"Defamation FAQs.† Media Law Resource Center.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Opinion and Fair Comment Privileges.† Digital Media Law Project.â€Å"SPEECH Act.† U.S. Government Printing OfficeFranklin, Mark A. (1963). â€Å"The Origins and Constitutionality of Limitations on Truth as a Defense in Tort Law.† Stanford Law Reviewâ€Å"Defamation.† Digital Media Law Project

The Dimension of Inter-Professional Practice Free Essays

Introduction This aim of this assignment is to analyse the unique role and contribution of nursing practices within inter-professional jobs and consider how inter-professional practices influence the way we manage the people in our care, using evidence based commentary. Mental illnesses are complex conditions and therefore cannot be managed by one professional. Holistic treatment of mental health patients requires a cohort of clinical professionals (Barker, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on The Dimension of Inter-Professional Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this assignment I chose Gibbs Reflective framework (1988) to enable my personal reflection and to improve my future nursing practice. In accordance with the NMC Code of Practice (2008) names have been changed to comply with confidentiality regulations; Grace will be my client’s name. Inter-Professional Team Working Pollard (2005), defined inter-professional working, as the process whereby members of different professions and/or agencies work together to provide integrated health and social care. Leathard (2003) states inter-professional working implies a group of professionals from different professions engaging in interdependent collaborations with mutual respect to provide integrated health and social care for the client’s benefit., Housley (2003) argues the multidisciplinary team is a group of people of different professions who meet regularly to discuss individual clients. Successful teamwork can have direct consequences for patient care and the inter-collaboration model of healthcare delivery is one of the most important modernisations of the healthcare system in recent years (Humphris and Hean, 2004). Effective team-working produces positive patient outcomes, while ineffectual team-working contributes to negative incidents in patient care (Grumbach and Bodenheimer, 2004). Client background Grace, a 21 year old female, was formally admitted via community mental health nurse due to non-concordance of medication. Grace suffers severe mental illness and personality disorder with a high level of self-harming, poor personal hygiene and inability to perform activities of daily living ADL’s. The Roper, Logan and Tierney model (Bellman 1996) states that 12 ADL’s produce a picture of the person’s lifestyle and these can be used to highlight problems which require nursing intervention. Inter-disciplinary team working and my role in Grace’s care The multidisciplinary review meeting for Grace’s care comprised a consultant psychiatrist,; a psychologist who assessed Grace’s behaviours and gave counselling sessions; social workers who assessed social wellbeing; an occupational therapist who assessed ADL; a dietician and the care-coordinator who was the key-worker involved in Grace’s care when she was in the community. The registered mental health nurse assigned to Grace was my mentor, and I was given the task of shadowing my mentor to assess Grace’s mental state on the ward and monitor any physical changes. The inter-professional team at the review placed Grace on level 3 observation due to her self-harming. Feelings I felt challenged and nervous about shadowing and handling the nursing report during the multidisciplinary team review. However, I realised this is a key role of the nursing professional in an inter-professional team, Davies Priestly (2006) views nursing handover as vital information about clients under the care of nurses, allowing nurses to improve both the handover process and improve patient care delivery. I felt empathy for Grace, especially her anxiety over the (in her eyes) large number of people (the care team) caring for and deciding her ‘fate’. She shared in her one-to-one sessions that she was nervous of not doing the right things in front of the team and I remember thinking ‘we are both nervous for similar reasons’,, as I was also nervous about what the team thought about me and my practice. I reassured Grace that we were here to help her, using my communication skills to listen and ally her fears. Hamilton et al. (2010) stated listening is an essential skill for a mental health nurse. I felt frustrated within the team, feeling that some members worked toward their own goals rather than collectively aiming to ensure the best holistic care for Grace, which made working within the team challenging. An example of this was the doctor’s decision to exclude Grace from participating in ward activities without assessment from the occupational therapist. This is at odds with the traditional nursing role, which seeks to include the patient both physically and psychologically. I felt that this decision was not in Grace’s best interest, and could prolong her discharge. Evaluation In evaluating my empathy with Grace and her anxiety, I felt there was an understandable connection as we were both in new situations, while too much empathy can lead to difficulties in nursing (Mercer and Reynolds 2002), empathy is an important aspect in nursing. Whitehead (2000) states that one angle of team work that is often neglected is the ‘relationship’ between client and nurse, which she argues is important to ensure positive care outcomes and therefore should not be disregarded within a collaborative framework. After talking to my peers I found that we all felt some anxiety about working within a multi-disciplinary team. In evaluating my time as an inter-disciplinary team member and my anxiety, I realised this eased when roles were defined and responsibilities shared. Ovretveit et al. (1997) asserted that understanding and clarification of roles from the onset is necessary for good team-working and failure to define roles correctly can lead to confusion. My frustrations within the team were in part due to my anxiety of performing poorly in front of my mentor, and my inexperience of working within an interdisciplinary-team. I had little understanding of how the different roles and philosophies of other professionals would need to be compromised to ensure both safety of and good care for Grace and perhaps I placed too much importance on the nursing role without understanding what other professionals brought to the team. Analysis While my empathy can be a positive aspect to my nursing, on reflection, it may have clouded my judgement and my ability to follow the right course of action, given that Grace was known to self-harm. The decisions made by the doctor complied with Local Trust Policy (2010) on self-harming. Furthermore, NICE guidelines (2004) states that staff develop preventative strategies to ensure patient safety in cases of self-harming, by reducing opportunities to self-harm. The inter-disciplinary team decided Grace should not be allowed to participate in ward activities due to risk of self-harm. Through analysis of the team-work shown within this case, I believe that the team showed effective communication, as each professional had a good knowledge of the role they were expected to play in supporting Grace’s care and effective communication is vital in team-working (Ovretveit et al. 1997). My frustrations within the team can be explained by Whitehead (2001) who identified that collaboration work, while beneficial, did have a variety of barriers that could hinder development of close collaborative relationships within the different service provider’s professions, one being that the different professions may have different ideas on patient treatments that are at odds with other professionals within the multi-disciplinary team. While at first I did not understand the challenges that inter-professional working brings and thus did not feel that every member had Grace’s care foremost, after analysing my time within the team, I feel that every member was supportive of each other’s efforts to facilitate Grace’s recovery. Many opportunities were available to discuss concerns over the care-plan such as debriefing, one to one interactions, and supervision, highlighted by Freeth (2007) as vital to ensure good inter-professional development. Barriers to good inter-professional collaborations include poor communication, lack of understanding of other team members’ roles, work priorities and professional hierarchy (Whitehead, 2000), where such issues are apparent, it can be helpful to identify shared goals and voice concerns. Inter-professionals should use clinical judgment that encompasses the best of all team members’ professions in care provision to improve client wellbeing, aid th em to cope with health problems and achieve the best quality of life with their illness (RCN 2003; DoH, 2008). Conclusion In retrospect, I feel the strength of the team was its ability to develop and manage excellent patient-focussed care, resulting from the variety of disciplines, personalities and expertises. I have gained an in-depth insight into the roles and responsibilities nurses have in the development of client-centred care and a better understanding for the other team members professions, which I feel now that I was lacking. This reflective process has helped me gain an understanding of the importance of inter-professional team collaboration in managing clients with self-harm issues using positive practice guidance as stated in the NHS guidelines. Action plan This experience has taught me that inter-professional practices involve effective communication between team members and respect for other professional’s knowledge of client needs. I will seek to gain greater understanding of other clinical roles and what they represent and bring to the inter-disciplinary team. I will undertake personal development and learning by keeping up-to-date with changes in practice, embracing and promoting interpersonal working. This reflective commentary has enhanced my knowledge of inter-professional working, the challenges involved and the importance of communication and compromise, which will contribute to my personal development as a mental health nurse. In respect to my patient centred empathy, I believe this is an important trait in nursing; however, in the future I will temper my empathy with professionalism that focuses on patient safety first. I plan to improve my knowledge and expertise of the roles of other professionals. I will begin by focussing on the respect and value I have of other professionals’ expertise. With respect to my lack of confidence, I shall endeavour to develop confidence in sharing my knowledge in group forums. The placement amplified the importance of identifying and understanding patients’ needs and sharing this understanding with the inter-professional team members in order to facilitate effective healthcare interventions. References Barker. P., (2009). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. 2nd ed. London. Hodder Arnold. Bellman, LM. (1996) Changing nursing practice through reflection on the Roper, Logan and Tierney model: the enhancement approach to action research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(1): 129–138. Davies S., Priestley MJ., (2006). A reflective evaluation of patient handover practices. Nurs Stand. 20(21):49-52. Day, J., (2006). Interprofessional working an essential guide for health and social care professionals. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. Freeth, D., (2007). International learning Association for the Study of Medical Education: Edinburgh. Gibbs, G., (1998). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit, Oxford Brookes University. Grumbach K, Bodenheimer T. (2004) Can health care teams improve primary care practiceJAMA. Mar 10;291(10):1246-51. Hamilton S., (2010). Rethink, Research and Innovation Teams Report for Nursing and Midwifery Council on nursing skills for working with people with a mental health diagnosis, London Housley, W., (2003). Interaction in Multidisciplinary Teams. Ashgate Publishing Limited: England. Humphris D, Hean S. (2004) Educating the future workforce: building the evidence about interprofessional learning. J Health Serv Res Policy. Jan;9 Suppl 1:24-7. Kozier, B., Erb G., Berman A., Snyder S., Lake R., Harvey S. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing: concept, process and practice. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Leathard, A., (2003). Inter-professional Collaboration: from policy to practice in health and social care. Philadelphia: Brunner – Routledge. Local Trust Policy (2010b). Assessment and Management of Service Users Who Self-Harm Policy, Local Trust Mercer, SW and Reynolds, WJ (2002) Empathy and quality of care. Br J Gen Pract. 52(Suppl): S9–12. NHS Choice (2011) NICE (2004), Self-Harm, Clinical Guidelines 16, cited from:http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG16FullGuideline.pdf (Accessed 11/11 2012) NMC (2008), Code of Conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council, London Ovretveit, J., Mathias, F., Thomoson, T. eds., (1997). Interprofessional working for health and social care. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Limited. Pollard, K., (2005). Interprofessional Working: an Essential Guide for Health and Social-Care Professionals; England, Nelson Thrones Limited. Roper, Logan and Tierney (1996), Whithead (2000) Education, behavioural change and social psychology: Nursing’s contribution to health promotion. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(6), 822-832 Whitehead D, (2001) Applying collaborative practice to health promotion. Nursing Standards. 15(20):33-7. Bibliography General Social Care Council, (2006). Code of Practice For Social Workers and Employers. London: GSCC. Golightley, M., (2008). Social Work and Mental Health People. Learning Matters. Barker. P., (2009). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. 2nd ed. London. Hodder Arnold. Taylor. C., Lillis. C., Lemone. P., (2001). Fundamentals of Nursing: The art and Science of Nursing Care, 4th edn, Lippincott, Philadelphia. Thompson I., Melia K., Boyd K., (2000). Nursing Ethics, London, Churchill Livingstone How to cite The Dimension of Inter-Professional Practice, Essay examples

Sociology of Death and Dying Essay Example For Students

Sociology of Death and Dying Essay Death: Life’s Contract Every person born into the world is automatically signed to life’s contract. No contract is the same, but they all eventually come to an end with death. In the 1900’s life’s contracts were much different. They were shorter and had different conducts. However, times have changed with people living longer and death being looked at in a completely different light. Death hasn’t left life’s contract, but it’s made some major changes. At the beginning of the 20th century, for every 1000 live births, six to nine women in the United States died of pregnancy-related complications, and approximately 100 infants died before the age of 1. The life expectancy was 47 years of age. Only one person in 25 had then survived to age 60. If this longevity had remained the same to our present day, only half of those born in 2000 would be alive today. Today, life expectancy has changed dramatically, as the average person in the United States is expected to live to be about 77 years old. Increases in life expectancy in the 20th century are often attributed to a combination of nutrition, changes in overall public health, and advances in medicine. Women used to have shorter lives due to childbirth. Now females have a longer life expectancy than males. Women are expected to live to be about 79. 4 years old while men are only expected to live for about 73. 6 years. These added years to our lives have completely altered the American family. The average number of people in a household in the 1900s was seven or more. The common average now is less than three. Couples are waiting longer periods to get married and start families. With infant mortality rates at an all time low, an abundant amount of children is no longer needed for survival. Instead of having 4 to 5 children, most couples stop conceiving after 1 or 2. With a major increase in women joining the workforce, two incomes is now enough to support a family. Children also are able to have relationships with their grandparents and even some great grandparents. Closer bonds and deeper connections can be made with every family member without the worry that death could be near by. However, this increase in prolonged existence also has its consequences. Couples were once expected to marry and reproduce at a young age in order to ensure their families continuation. Women who now wait later to conceive are finding it harder to have children and may have to turn to other options, such as in vitro fertilization or adoption. Marriages usually ended when one spouse or both died. Divorce was rare was rare, only 84 males per 100,000 and 114 per 100,000 for women. Half of marriages now end in divorce and remarriage with extended families is very common. There is also the epidemiologic transition we are currently going through. The most ways of death in the 1900s were pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhea. These are almost unheard of now thanks to the development of penicillin, antibiotics, and other medical advances. However, as life expectancy has increased and birth rates decreased, we have reached an age were the elderly are now becoming the majority. As more senior citizens retire, the need for physical labor increases. The health care system also faces a dilemma as more and more facilities fill up with the elderly who suffer from the more common illnesses, cardiovascular disease or cancer. Who will take care of them as the demand for youths in the workforce increase? This is the first time the world has had to face this problem, but it will soon be up to America’s young to find a solution to this situation. Although Americans are living longer, we still face death one way or the other. Heart disease, cancer, car accidents, and even obesity have now become the leading causes of death to Americans. .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a , .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .postImageUrl , .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a , .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:hover , .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:visited , .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:active { border:0!important; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:active , .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u168886be2ec19bab1dd21635327ce45a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Many times people who feel a different way than ov EssayWhen death does strike especially on younger persons, it is viewed as a tragedy because we see death as an event that happens in old age. Unlike in the 1900s when it was something to be expected and much more frequent. When someone does is dying or does die, proper arrangements are made. Living wills are created, computer records regarding books of a business or personal assets have to be looked at, unpaid bills taken care of, estate sales established, funeral or cremation plans must be arranged, and the proper time to grieve must all come into effect when death is upon an average American family. There seems to be quite a checklist now-a-days. In the 1900s death was a little bit more toned down. When a person was close to death, a doctor or priest would check their status, then would progress to die in the comforts of their home surrounded by friends and family. Modern day Americans think this is an ideal way to leave the world. Unfortunately, for most Americans their last days are spent in the hospital. Whether they are dying from some chronic disease, car accident, or are in some state of coma; doctors have found ways to keep people alive in the most unthinkable situations. Life support, breathing ventilators, or heavy doses of medication can keep patients alive for as long as possible, contributing to a longer life expectancy. However, time does eventually run out. For those who do not care to die at the hand of their practitioner, hospice care has become a popular way of enabling people to stay home for their final days. Out of respect for the dead communities in the 1900s would show their condolence by bringing food or ringing church bells at the initial death. The only time death got major media attention was for capitol punishment. From the 1920s to the 1940s, there was resurgence in the use of the death penalty. This was due, in part, to the writings of criminologists, who argued that the death penalty was a necessary social measure. In the United States, Americans were suffering through Prohibition and the Great Depression. There were more executions in the 1930s than in any other decade in American history, an average of 167 per year. However, in the early 1960s, it was suggested that the death penalty was a cruel and unusual punishment, and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. Since then, capitol punishment has lost much of its popularity. Most of the media concerning individual death now comes from celebrities or high ranking status individuals. Michael Jackson for example, has been dead for a year, but we still continuously hear about his death. Another source of death coverage done by the media is over catastrophe. World War II, September 11, and Hurricane Katrina all resulted in mass tragic deaths. These kinds of disasters were unheard of in 1900. Man and Mother Nature have become much more violent in the past few decades it seems. People now look at death in a whole new way. It’s not just a part of life, but it’s something we fear. People don’t seem accept it as openly as they did a hundred years ago. Most people I think are just in plain denial that will happen to them. Despite present day opinions, death is inevitable. It is in our life contract and one day everyone will have to face it. Many changes have occurred over time and our perception of death will continue to expand. Since 1900 people have turned to religion as a source of comfort that there is an afterlife, others believe in reincarnation, and then there are those who think we will simply just cease to exist. .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 , .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .postImageUrl , .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 , .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:hover , .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:visited , .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:active { border:0!important; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:active , .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2 .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud71cf432c27bfac7c7dccd83db3e67f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sleep Deprivation EssayAll that matters is that one day we will stop breathing, our hearts will no long pump, and our contract will be up. References †¢Forrest JD. Contraceptive use in the United States: past, present and future. Advances in Population. 1994; 2:29-48. †¢Moore, R. I. (1990). The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250. Oxford, Blackwell. On the definition of the â€Å"Other†; orthodoxy begets heterodoxy. †¢Smale, David A. (1993). Davies Law of Burial, Cremation and Exhumation. Sixth Edition. Crayford: Shaw and Sons.